What is Kyo-ware & Kiyomizu-ware
1. The Origin of Kyo-ware & Kiyomizu-ware
Chōjirō Black Raku Tea Bowl, Edo Period, 16th Century
National Institutes for Cultural Heritage Integrated Database
https://colbase.nich.go.jp/collection_items/tnm/G-74?locale=en
Kyo-ware & Kiyomizu-ware originated in the Azuchi-Momoyama period of the 16th century. At this time, Kyoto was the center of politics and culture, with tea ceremony culture flourishing. The demand for tea utensils made of ceramics increased, attracting many potters to Kyoto. One of the most famous potters was Chōjirō, who created Raku ware, which was highly valued as tea utensils. The simple yet beautiful Raku tea bowls remain iconic symbols of Kyo-ware to this day.
2. 17th Century - The Development of Kyo-ware & Kiyomizu-ware with Support from Temples and Aristocracy
In the early 17th century, Kyoto's potters began to produce not only tea utensils but also overglaze enamel ceramics and porcelain. During this time, temples and aristocrats in Kyoto supported the potters, providing economic stability while encouraging them to refine their techniques and develop unique decorative styles.
Nonomura Ninsei Colorful Plum Design Tea Jar, Edo Period, 17th Century
National Institutes for Cultural Heritage Integrated Database
https://colbase.nich.go.jp/collection_items/tnm/G-40?locale=en
In the late 17th century, the potter Nonomura Ninsei played a major role in the development of Kyo-ware. Ninsei mastered overglaze enamel ceramics and adorned tea utensils, such as tea bowls and tea caddies, with beautiful decorations. His works were highly admired by aristocrats and tea masters, marking the establishment of Kyo-ware as one of Japan's leading ceramic traditions.
Ogata Kenzan Grape Design Square Plate, Edo Period, 18th Century
National Institutes for Cultural Heritage Integrated Database
https://colbase.nich.go.jp/collection_items/tnm/G-33?locale=en
Another important figure in the development of Kiyomizu-ware was Ogata Kenzan, who, along with his brother Ogata Kōrin, incorporated the design principles of the Rinpa school into pottery, creating unique artistic pieces. Kenzan's works were appreciated not only as tea utensils but also as decorative ceramics, further enhancing the artistic reputation of Kyo-ware.
3. 19th Century - Internationalization and Industrialization in the Meiji Period
Ninth Generation Taizan Yohee Colorful Phoenix and Flower Design Vase, Meiji 25 (1892)
National Institutes for Cultural Heritage Integrated Database
https://colbase.nich.go.jp/collection_items/tnm/G-137?locale=en
In the late 19th century, during the Meiji period, Japan opened its doors to the world, and Kyo-ware & Kiyomizu-ware became prominent export industries. Colorful ceramics known as Kyo-Satsuma, adorned with lavish decorations, were highly prized overseas and garnered international attention at world's fairs and other exhibitions.
Additionally, industrialization progressed during the Meiji era, allowing Kyo-ware & Kiyomizu-ware to be produced on a larger scale. This enabled their wider distribution both domestically and internationally, though maintaining traditional techniques and quality control became a new challenge for potters.
4. 20th Century - Technological Innovations from the Mid-Showa Era to the Present
In the mid-Showa era, the introduction of gas kilns and electric kilns significantly changed the production process of Kyo-ware & Kiyomizu-ware. These new technologies made it easier to control firing temperatures, improving the consistency of glazes and allowing for more complex and beautiful designs to emerge.
At the same time, many potters continued to preserve traditional wood-firing kiln techniques, contributing to the rich diversity of Kyo-ware & Kiyomizu-ware. Today, the fusion of traditional methods with modern technology continues to garner recognition both domestically and internationally.
5. The Future of Kyo-ware & Kiyomizu-ware
Currently, Kyo-ware & Kiyomizu-ware face challenges such as aging craftsmen and a shortage of successors. However, many potters are working to pass on traditional techniques to the next generation through education and training while integrating modern designs.
Kyo-ware & Kiyomizu-ware, while preserving their value as Japan's cultural heritage, continue to embrace new challenges. Their history and beauty will undoubtedly continue to be cherished both in Japan and abroad for many years to come.
